[75] Hussein, who looked bald and weakened, arrived and urged both Arafat and Netanyahu to overcome the obstacles. [25] Assassination attempts against the king subsided after a successful coup toppled the Syrian regime on 28 September 1961 and the UAR collapsed. Talal of Jordan Former King of Jordan Desc: Talal bin Abdullah was King of Jordan from the assassination of his father, Abdullah I, on 20 July 1951, until he … [35] Jordan suffered a severe setback with the loss of the West Bank, which contributed 40% to Jordan's GDP in the tourism, industrial, and agricultural sectors. [62] The United States, seeing Jordan's neutrality as siding with Saddam, cut its aid to Jordan – aid on which Jordan depended; Gulf countries soon followed. [64] Thus, the PLO and Israeli representatives were quick to reach an agreement, which culminated in the 1993 Oslo Accords. [66], On 4 November 1995 the Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated by a Jewish extremist, who aimed to undermine Rabin's peace efforts with the Palestinians. [34] Jordanian Hawker Hunters made sorties but were destroyed by Israel when they went to refuel; Syria's and Iraq's air forces followed. [45] Sadat informed Al-Rifai that he had been planning a limited incursion in the Sinai that would allow some political manoeuvring. [53] What began as an uprising to achieve Palestinian independence against the Israeli occupation turned into an upsurge of support for the PLO, which had orchestrated the uprising, and consequently diminished Jordanian influence in the West Bank. [44] The talks between Arab countries and Israel resulted in a deadlock. [68] The Israeli general election held on 29 May 1996 witnessed Netanyahu's ascension to the prime ministry. [69] The Mossad operatives were released by Jordan after Israel agreed to release 23 Jordanian and 50 Palestinian prisoners including Sheikh Ahmed Yassin. [9] Hussein was proclaimed king on 11 August 1952, succeeding to the throne three months before his 17th birthday. [61] Saddam's invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990 led six months later to international intervention to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait in what became known as the Gulf War. [51] The talks lasted for a day, after which no progress was made. Crown Prince Talal of Jordan in Jerusalem, 1946.png 337 × 515; 298 KB. [21] An officer in Jordan was arrested for plotting to assassinate Hussein. [9] He returned home to cheering crowds. The Parliament forced Talal to abdicate a year later due to his illness, and a regency council was appointed until Hussein came of age. "[79] Hussein returned and publicly criticized his brother Hassan's management of Jordanian internal affairs. [64] Hussein then replaced Al-Masri with his conservative cousin Zaid ibn Shaker. [46] The relationship between Jordan and the United States deteriorated when Jordan refused to join the Camp David Accords. As he was flying his own plane over Syria, it was intercepted by two Syrian jets that attempted to attack. [26] His secret rapprochement with Israel was followed by a public rapprochement with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1964, which bolstered Hussein's popularity both in Jordan and in the Arab world. [6], Abdullah's eldest son, Talal, was proclaimed King of Jordan. and went below tree top level just skimming along on the ground. [77] According to Jordanian government sources, Hussein stated that: I need very much to feel the warmth of my people around me, there is work to be done and I will get the strength from my people to finish the business. Another plot was uncovered after a large number of cats were found dead in the royal palace; it emerged that the cook had been trying poisons to use against the king. [64] The end of the Gulf War coincided with the end of the Cold War. [90] By 1999 90% of Jordanians had been born during Hussein's reign. [46] Between 10 September and 6 October, Hussein secretly met with Israeli prime minister Golda Meir in Tel Aviv on 25 September. # Longines - Vintage - Square Case - Quartz - "Hussein bin Talal" Former King of Jordan - 'NO RESERVE PRICE' - Men - 1970-1979 - Movement Quartz. "[20] Although Faisal and Hussein enjoyed a very close relationship, Faisal's Iraqi entourage looked down on Jordan; Hussein attributed this attitude to Iraqi crown prince 'Abd al-Ilah's influence. [62] In late August and early September Hussein visited twelve Western and Arab capitals in an effort to promote a peaceful resolution. "[22] The Israelis preferred that Hussein remained in power, rather than a Nasserist regime. [14], On 13 April, rioting broke in the Zarqa army barracks and the 21-year-old Hussein went to end the violence between royalist and Arab nationalist army units after the latter group spread rumors that the King had been assassinated. "[13] On 29 October 1956, the Suez Crisis erupted in Egypt, as Britain, France, and Israel launched a military offensive to seize control of the canal. [49] When Saddam became president of Iraq in 1979, Hussein supported Saddam's Iran–Iraq War that stretched from 1980 to 1988. [35] By 11 June Israel had decisively won the war by capturing the West Bank from Jordan, Gaza and the Sinai from Egypt, and the Golan Heights from Syria. [55] The move revoked the Jordanian citizenship of Palestinians in the West Bank (who had obtained it since Jordan annexed the territory in 1950), but not that of Palestinians residing in Jordan. [73] Hussein returned to the clinic in July after suffering severe fevers; doctors then diagnosed him with Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. [53] Adnan Abu Oudeh, a Palestinian descendant who was Hussein's political advisor, Prime Minister Zaid Al-Rifai, army chief of staff Zaid ibn Shaker, Royal Court chief Marwan Kasim, and mukhabarat director Tariq Alaeddin, helped the King prepare West Bank disengagement plans. [62] The effects of the Gulf War, the sanctions on Iraq, and the flow of refugees to Jordan were estimated by a UN report to be $1.5 billion out of a gross domestic product (GDP) of $4.2 billion in 1990, and $3.6 billion out of a GDP of $4.7 billion in 1991. [25] He prepared three brigades in the north, but the operation was called off after combined pressures from the Americans and the British. [26] In the talks, Hussein highlighted his commitment to a peaceful resolution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. [9], Egyptian President Nasser received an outpouring of support from the Arab public after the Egyptian–Czechoslovak arms deal was signed in September 1955,[12] and his popularity in Jordan skyrocketed following the nationalization of the Suez Canal in July 1956; his actions were seen as a powerful stance against Western imperialism. [61] On Hussein's way back from Baghdad, Egypt issued a condemnation of the Iraqi invasion. [87] Hussein inherited the throne to a young Kingdom, whose neighbors questioned its legitimacy, along with the Jordanian-controlled West Bank. [56] Protesters accused Zaid Al-Rifai's government of rampant corruption and demanded that the martial law in place since 1957 be lifted and parliamentary elections be resumed. However, Nabulsi then presented an expanded list, which Hussein refused to act upon. [26] The first direct contacts between Jordan and Israel started in early 1960s; Hussein had a Jewish doctor named Emmanuel Herbert who acted as intermediary between the two nations during Hussein's visits to London. [38] On 22 September, the Syrians withdrew after the Jordanian army launched an air-ground offensive that inflicted heavy Syrian losses, and after Israeli Air Force jets flew over Syrian units in a symbolic show of support of Hussein, but did not engage. [13] The parliamentary election held on 21 October 1956 saw the National Socialist Party emerge as the largest party, winning 12 seats out of 40 in the House of Representatives. If we look at even a flu epidemic, it affected both of us. [20], The Lebanese, pro-Western government of Camille Chamoun was also threatened to be toppled by growing UAR-supported domestic opposition groups. [3] During one cold Ammani winter, his baby sister Princess Asma died from pneumonia, an indication of how poor his family was then – they could not afford heating in their house. [87] From an early age he had to shoulder a heavy responsibility. [56] In May 1989, just before the elections, Hussein announced his intention to appoint a 60-person royal commission to draft a reformist document named the National Charter. Jordan fought three wars with Israel under Hussein, including the 1967 Six-Day War, which ended in Jordan's loss of the West Bank. [89] From the very start, Hussein concentrated on building an economic and industrial infrastructure to stimulate the economy and raise the standard of living. He was enthroned at the age of 17 on 2 May 1953. [56] In 1986 a new electoral law was passed, which allowed the reintroduction of parliamentary elections to proceed smoothly. "[71] His gesture was received very warmly in Israel, and Hussein sent the families $1 million in total as compensation for the loss of life. [22] On 14 July, an Iraqi unit stormed the royal palace in Iraq, executed all members of the Iraqi royal family, and mutilated the bodies of the crown prince and the Iraqi Prime Minister of the Arab Federation, Nuri Al-Said. He had wonderful qualities as well as being a very great monarch". [69] Israel's actions during the 1996 Qana massacre in Southern Lebanon, the Likud government's decision to build settlements in East Jerusalem, and the events at the Temple Mount where clashes between Palestinian and Israeli police ensued after Israeli tunnel diggings around the Mount, generated an uproar of criticism for Netanyahu in the Arab World. [9], The 1955 Baghdad Pact was a Western attempt to form a Middle Eastern alliance to counter Soviet influence and Gamal Abdel Nasser's Egypt. [87] He was relentless in pursuit of peace, viewing that the only way to solve the conflict was by peaceful means, excluding his decision to join the war in 1967. [69] Jordan replied that the Geneva Conventions "do not apply to terrorists," and a special operations team headed by Hussein's son Abdullah was put in charge of the operation. [77] Doctors advised him to rest and stay in England for a few weeks, as he was still too fragile to travel. [81] Hussein arrived at the King Hussein Medical Center in Amman where it was raining heavily, yet thousands flocked from all over Jordan and gathered at the main entrance. "[69] Jordanian authorities requested Netanyahu to provide an antidote to save Mashal's life, but Netanyahu refused to do so. [64] The peace conference convened on 30 October 1991, with delegations representing all parties to the conflict, the United States and the Soviet Union as co-sponsors, and the United Nations as observer. By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies. [101] The King was also a fan of race-car driving, water sports, skiing, and tennis. [73] He was given six courses of chemotherapy for his lymph gland cancer over a five-month period. "[31] Hussein travelled to Cairo on 30 May 1967 and hastily signed an Egyptian-Jordanian mutual defense treaty, returning home to cheering crowds. También destacó durante el reinado de Talal la mejora que experimentaron las relaciones entre el Reino de Jordania y los vecinos Estados árabes de Egipto y Arabia Saudita, previamente tensas. [53] Israeli politicians were stunned, thinking it was a political manoeuvre so that the Palestinians could show support for Hussein, but later realized that it represented a shift in Jordan's policy after Hussein asked his West Bank supporters not to issue petitions demanding that he relent. [69] In 1998 Jordan refused a secret request from Netanyahu to attack Iraq using Jordanian airspace after claiming Saddam held weapons of mass destruction. – United States President, "He was an extraordinary and immensely charismatic persuader for peace. [65], Hussein could not participate in the details of the talks, a task he handed to his brother Hassan. - Leather Belt, length: 20 cm. "[89] He turned the Kingdom from a backwater divided polity into a reasonably stable well-governed modern state. [74] Samih Batikhi, the director of the General Intelligence Directorate (mukhabarat), visited Hussein during his stay at the Mayo Clinic to keep him updated. [62] Hussein's popularity among Jordanians reached its zenith, and anti-Western demonstrations filled the streets. [66] This was the first time Hussein had been in Jerusalem since the 1967 war. [52] On 8 November 1987 Jordan hosted an Arab League summit; Hussein enjoyed good relations with rival Arab blocs, and he acted as conciliatory intermediate. [66] On 25 July 1994 Rabin and Hussein appeared at the White House and signed the Washington declaration, which announced the "end of the state of belligerency. [57] On 18 April riots in Ma'an spread to other southern towns such as Al-Karak and Tafila, where the New York Times reported that around 4,000 people gathered in the streets and clashed with the police,[57] resulting in six protesters killed and 42 injured, and two policemen killed and 47 injured. [38] Acting as a state within a state, the fedayeen disregarded local laws and regulations, and even attempted to assassinate King Hussein twice, leading to violent confrontations between them and the Jordanian army. [23] Sadiq Al-Shar'a, an army general who accompanied Hussein to the United States, was found to have been plotting a coup against the monarchy. [69] The soldier was determined to be mentally unstable by a Jordanian military tribunal and was sentenced to 20 years in prison, which he served entirely. [82], Hussein's flag-draped coffin, accompanied by honor guard troops wearing Keffiyeh, was taken on a 90-minute procession through the streets of the capital city of Amman. [69] Hussein called American President Clinton and requested his intervention, threatening to annul the treaty if Israel did not provide the antidote. [81] Fighter jets from several countries flew with his plane as it passed over their territories, including the United States, Britain, and Israel. [23], Hazza' Majali was appointed by Hussein to form a government; it consisted of loyalists who had persuaded Hussein to launch an offensive against the Iraqi government to restore the Hashemite monarchy. [69] Several dissidents were imprisoned including Laith Shubeilat, a prominent Islamist. [19] The alleged conspirators were sentenced to 15 years in absentia, but later on were pardoned by Hussein in 1964 as part of his reconciliation efforts with his exiled opposition, and were entrusted with senior positions in the government. [51] Hussein and Arafat both agreed to the plan on 1 April, but the PLO's executive office rejected it. [64] The 28-member delegation consisted of 14 Jordanians and 14 Palestinians. [13] Hussein was also supportive of the moves. [64] But when Hussein replaced his conservative prime minister, Mudar Badran, with liberal Palestinian Taher Al-Masri, who was in favor of peace negotiations with Israel, the Muslim Brotherhood – Jordan's main opposition group, who at that time occupied 22 out of 80 seats in the House of Representatives, and whose members and support came mostly from Palestinians in the country – vehemently rejected the new prime minister by voting against him during the vote of confidence. [69] Two Mossad agents followed Mashal to his office and injected poison into his ears, but they were caught by Mashal's bodyguard. After 1967 he increasingly engaged in efforts to solve the Palestinian problem. [83], Quote by King Hussein a year before his death. [53] It called for Jordan rather than the PLO to represent the Palestinians; however, when Schultz contacted Hussein about the plan, he reversed his position and told him it was a matter for the PLO to decide. [87] On one occasion before his death, he gave his fiercest critic a ride home from prison after having ordered his release. Consigue fotografías de noticias de alta resolución y gran calidad en Getty Images [36] Hussein restarted talks with Israeli representatives throughout 1968 and 1969, but the talks went nowhere – Shlaim claims the Israelis stalled and that Hussein refused to cede any West Bank territory. [50] Two major Israeli incursions into Lebanon occurred in 1978, and the other in 1982, the latter conflict troubled Hussein as the IDF had laid siege to Beirut. Select from premium King Talal Of Jordan of the highest quality. [87] Initially, Hussein attempted to unite both banks of the Jordan River as one people, but with the formation of the PLO in the 1960s, it became difficult to maintain such a policy. [87] The decision cost him half his kingdom and his grandfather's legacy. Maybe others could, others who were distant, who were not equally aware or involved. Talal of Jordan: King of Jordan, Zein al Sharaf Talal: Amazon.es: Surhone, Lambert M, Timpledon, Miriam T, Marseken, Susan F: Libros en idiomas extranjeros The King Talal Dam is a large dam in the hills of northern Jordan, across the Zarqa River. [49], When the PLO moved to Lebanon from Jordan after 1970, repeated attacks and counter-attacks occurred in southern Lebanon between the PLO and Israel. Twenty minutes later, another explosion went off;[25] it was intended for Hussein as it was expected he would run to the scene, which he did – he was a few minutes late. [69] The King lambasted Netanyahu, with the letter's opening sentence stating: "My distress is genuine and deep over the accumulating tragic actions which you have initiated at the head of the Government of Israel, making peace – the worthiest objective of my life – appear more and more like a distant elusive mirage. [51] The relationship between Hussein and Saddam became very close – Hussein visited Baghdad 61 times between 1980 and 1990,[51] and Saddam used Hussein to relay messages to several countries, including the US and Britain. [9] Curfews imposed by the Arab Legion did little to alleviate the situation and tensions persisted throughout 1955. [25] With a calmed situation in Jordan, the King issued his slogan "Let us build this country to serve this nation. [9] The Saudis massed troops near Aqaba on Jordan's southern borders in January 1956, and only withdrew after the British threatened to intervene on Jordan's behalf. [9], The teenaged king inherited the throne not only of Jordan, but also of the West Bank, captured by Jordan during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and annexed in 1950. [46] The plot did not deter Hussein from joining the summit, but at the end Jordan had to join all the Arab countries in recognizing the PLO as "the sole representative of the Palestinian people," a diplomatic defeat for Hussein. [62] But Western pundits viewed Hussein's actions as impulsive and emotional, claiming that he could have dampened Jordanian public support for Iraq through better leadership. [54] Two days later a royal decree dissolved the House of Representatives, thereby removing West Bank representation in the Parliament. Fue rey de Jordania desde el 20 de julio de 1951 —fue proclamado rey el 5 de septiembre de ese mismo año— hasta verse forzado a abdicar por razones de salud el 11 de agosto de 1952. By now there were Palestinians and Jordanians, and their rights, their future was at stake. Talal Of Jordan was born on the 26th of February, 1909. [61] Both Kuwait and Saudi Arabia viewed Hussein with suspicion – they distrusted him and believed he was planning to obtain a share of Kuwait's wealth. "[85] Hussein was succeeded as king by his eldest son, Abdullah II. [64] He called on extremists on both the right and left of the political spectrum to end their opposition to the peace negotiations, denounced what he saw as the Gulf countries' undemocratic nature, and called on Saddam to introduce democracy to Iraq. Talal I bin Abdullah 26 February 1909 – 7 July 1972) was King of Jordan from 20 July 1951 until forced to abdicate in favour of his son Hussein due to health reasons on 11 August 1952. [13] Nabulsi wanted to move Jordan closer to Nasser's regime, but Hussein wanted it to stay in the Western camp. [53], The orchestrators of the Intifada were the Unified National Leadership of the Uprising, which issued its 10th communiqué on 11 March 1988, urging its followers to "intensify the mass pressure against the [Israel] occupation army and the settlers and against collaborators and personnel of the Jordanian regime. [22] American troops landed in both Lebanon and Jordan as a show of support for pro-Western regimes in the region against the Nasserist tide. [39] After failing to capture Yasser Arafat, the PLO leader, Israeli forces withdrew or were repulsed, but not before destroying the Karameh camp[40] and sustaining relatively high casualties. [86], Israeli writer Avi Shlaim sees that the assassination of Hussein's grandfather King Abdullah I in Jerusalem was the most formative event in Hussein's life, as he had witnessed the event personally at the age of 15. [29] Yitzhak Rabin, the then Israel Defense Forces chief of staff, later admitted the disproportionate reaction by Israel, and that the operation would have been better directed at Syria, which was supporting such attacks: "We had neither political nor military reasons to arrive at a confrontation with Jordan or to humiliate Hussein. [6] Hussein was also shot, but the bullet was deflected by a medal on his uniform that his grandfather had given him. The King renounced Jordan's ties to the West Bank in 1988 after the Palestine Liberation Organization was recognized internationally as the sole representative of the Palestinians. [66] Due to the close relationship forged with Rabin during the negotiations of the treaty, Hussein was invited to give a speech during Rabin's funeral in Jerusalem. Talal Of Jordan was born in Jordan. [66] The treaty recognized Jordan's role in Jerusalem's holy sites, which angered Arafat who had sought such a position. [64] Hussein's moves towards democratization in 1989 and his stance during the 1990 Gulf War had won him considerable popularity across Jordan's political spectrum. [45] Worried that Jordan would be dragged into another war unprepared, Hussein sent Zaid Al-Rifai to Egyptian president Anwar Sadat in December 1972 to inquire. [56] The Jordanian dinar lost a third of its value in 1988, and Jordan's foreign debt reached a figure double that of its gross national product (GNP).